Devanagari reference · index · created 2022-08-19, 2022-09-01.
Using IAST transliteration: a dot under a letter indicates a retroflex consonant, h indicates an aspirated consonant, c is /tʃ/, j is /dʒ/, ṅ is /ŋ/ "ng", ś is /ʃ/ and ṣ is /ʂ/.
| k | kh | g | gh | ṅ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| क | ख | ग | घ | ङ |
| c | ch | j | jh | ñ |
| च | छ | ज | झ | ञ |
| ṭ | ṭh | ḍ | ḍh | ṇ |
| ट | ठ | ड | ढ | ण |
| t | th | d | dh | n |
| त | थ | द | ध | न |
| p | ph | b | bh | m |
| प | फ | ब | भ | म |
| y | r | l | ḷ | v |
| य | र | ल | ळ | व |
| ś | ṣ | s | h | |
| श | ष | स | ह |
Vowel letters: a dot under indicates a vocalic consonant. Independent vowel on top, combining symbol below. There is no combining a diacritic, since that's the default vowel.
| a | i | u | e | o | ṛ | ḷ | ṃ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| अ | इ | उ | ए | ओ | ऋ | ऌ | ं |
| ि | ु | े | ो | ृ | ॢ | ||
| ā | ī | ū | ai | au | ṝ | ḹ | ḥ |
| आ | ई | ऊ | ऐ | औ | ॠ | ॡ | ः |
| ा | ी | ू | ै | ौ | ॄ | ॣ |
Other marks: the virama suppresses the inherent vowel of a consonant letter. The nuqta is a consonant modifying diacritic, kind of how Latin consonants are modified with various điačřitićş. The danda is a punctuation mark much like a period, and the double-danda is a paragraph- or verse-terminating mark.
| Virama | Nuqta | Danda | Double |
|---|---|---|---|
| ् | ़ | । | ॥ |
Devanagari also has its own set of numerals.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ |